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Pf Jaak Jaeken: Lições do passado, desejos para o futuro e vida pessoal! 

9/7/2016

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Uma vida dedicada a ajudar pacientes através da resolução de doenças humanas complexas produzidas por “antenas” de açúcar.
O meu nome é Rita Francisco, da Associação Portuguesa para CDG (APCDG, www.apcdg.com). É uma enorme honra entrevistar o Pf Jaak Jaeken, cujo papel na comunidade das doenças raras, particularmente na comunidade CDG, tem sido dum grande relevo, repleto de descobertas e avanços contínuos. Bem-vindo Professor— é extremamente recompensador para nós tê-lo nas CDG One-to-One! 
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O estádio embrionário do mundo das CDG: Primeiros casos, diagnósticos e testes de diagnóstico 
​
Rita Francisco: Em 1980, o Professor foi confrontado com o desafio de decifrar a condição clínica que afetava duas irmãs gémeas. O que despertou o seu interesse neste caso? Como é que este caso clínico em particular evolui?
Pf Jaeken: Em 1978, foi-me pedido que investigasse o  porquê destas crianças adoráveis terem uma deficiência psicomotora. O “screening” metabólico mostrou uma combinação pouco usual de anomalias proteicas no seu sangue e eu quis saber o porquê destas anomalias. Procurando na literatura, deparei-me com um artigo sobre isoelectrofocusing de transferrina sérica de um colega Holandês e pedi-lhe que fizesse essa análise ao soro destas gémeas. Os resultados foram claramente anormais e sugeriam uma deficiência de ácido siálico presente na transferrina. Este foi o verdadeiro começo da história das CDG! No entretanto, as irmãs gémeas celebraram o seu 40º aniversário! Têm sempre um sorriso e, dessa forma, levam uma mensagem de esperança de que um dia uma cura para a sua doença será encontrada.
 
 
Rita Francisco: O Professor também esteve envolvido em muitas outras descobertas relacionadas com as CDG. Por exemplo, em 1984 publicou um artigo sobre um teste diagnóstico para CDG, que tem sido sobejamente usado e, que se mantém atual até aos dias de hoje - Isoelectrofocusing de Transferrina Sérica. Ainda assim, se tivesse de selecionar a descoberta que maior impacto teve na comunidade CDG, qual seria?
Pf Jaeken: Para além da nossa descrição em 1980 (a primeira descrição clínica de PMM2-CDG, designada CDG-Ia na altura), e da publicação de 1984 (a introdução do método de diagnóstico Isoelectrofocusing de Transferrina Sérica), as nossas publicações de maior importância foram a descoberta da causa da CDG-Ia, nomeadamente a deficiência de fosfomanosemutase 2, em 1995 em colaboração com a Prof. Emile van Schaftingen e do defeito genético subjacente com o Prof. Gert Matthijs e a sua equipa em 1997.
 
Rita Francisco: Tendo em conta esses primeiros tempos das CDG, quando os primeiros diagnósticos começavam a ser feitos, quais foram os maiores avanços registados nesta área desde então?
Pf Jaeken: Os avanços nesta área tem sido enormes se considerarmos que, na realidade, conhecemos cerca de 100 CDGs (descobertas ao longo de 36 anos). Isto vai além de qualquer expectativa! Contudo, os desenvolvimentos têm ocorrido, principalmente, na área do diagnóstico e, apenas em pequena medida, na área da terapêutica. De facto, existe apenas um tratamento satisfatório para uma CDG (MPI-CDG), e alguns tratamentos parciais ou potenciais para alguns outros tipos.
 
Rita Francisco: Aquando dos primeiros anos das CDG, como conseguiu atrair e comunicar com a comunidade científica sobre estas doenças? E, hoje em dia, como acha que a comunidade científica vê estas doenças metabólicas raras
Pf Jaeken: O conhecimento das CDG entrou muito devagar na comunidade científica graças às publicações, apresentações e workshops feitos por mim e por outros. Presentemente, as CDG estão bem estabelecidas na comunidade metabólica. Por exemplo, as CDG tem um capítulo separado, já há largos anos, no programa anual da reunião da SSIEM em Setembro (a mais importante reunião sobre metabolismo no mundo inteiro) enquanto que antes estavam “enterrada” no capítulo das doenças de carbo-hidratos. 
As CDG Hoje: Descobertas genéticas, tratamentos, terapêuticas e conhecimento acumulado 
Foi apenas em 1997 que o Pf Gert Matthjis conseguiu determinar qual o gene que causava a doença das irmãs gémeas – o PMM2. Ou seja, demorou 17 anos até que o caso fosse completamente clarificado. Todavia, as CDG tornaram-se num dos grupos de doenças metabólicas raras de mais rápido crescimento
Rita Francisco: Pf Jaeken, o que acha que estimulou este crescimento? E, pensa que estamos perto de conhecer todas as CDGs?
Pf Jaeken: Uma das razões para este rápido crescimento é o facto de algumas equipas fortes se terem dedicado à investigação das CDG em todas as suas vertentes. Neste tipo de investigação as técnicas genéticas têm desempenhado um papel cada vez mais importante (CDG panel analyses, whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing). No entanto, a razão principal é o facto da glicosilaçao compreender um elevado número de passos, havendo um potencial defeito em cada um deles. Estou convencido de que o número de CDGs por descobrir é ainda superior ao número de CDGs conhecidas!
 
Rita Francisco: Estamos hoje mais próximos de encontrar terapias eficazes para os diferentes tipos de CDG. Concorda com esta afirmação? O que é necessário para virmos a ter mais terapias para as CDGs?
Pf Jaeken: De facto, deparamo-nos com a situação frustrante dos avanços nos tratamentos para CDG estarem estagnados. Isto deve-se não há falta de investigação, pelo menos no respeitante à PMM2-CDG, mas ao facto do desenvolvimento de tratamentos para estas doenças ser um desafio formidável (isto não é apenas verdade para as CDG, mas para muitas outras doenças metabólicas)! Por outro lado, as empresas estão mais interessadas em desenhar terapias para doenças comuns do que para doenças raras.
 
Rita Francisco: Quais são as maiores lições que as CDG ensinaram às comunidades científica e médica?
Pf Jaeken: A existência destas doenças (na sua maioria severas) ensinaram-nos que a glicosilação é não só extremamente importante, mas um processo essencial no nosso corpo. Outra lição é que quando nos deparamos com um resultado anormal, não devemos descansar até determinarmos a causa subjacente.

Trabalho e Vida Pessoal 
Rita Francisco: O Professor está oficialmente reformado, mas dinamicamente dedicado às CDG. Quais são os seus hobbies?
Pf Jaeken: Os meus hobbies são a minha família e amigos, música clássica, ciclismo e … CDG!
 
Rita Francisco: Como é que a religião influenciou a sua vida pessoal e profissional?
Pf Jaeken: A religião (eu sou católico) é uma parte essencial da minha vida. A perspetiva de eternidade influenciou-me profundamente tanto pessoal como profissionalmente. Para mim a ciência e a fé são complementares; Parceiros que juntos dão sentido à minha vida.
 
Rita Francisco: Como equilibrou uma carreira tão ativa com a sua vida pessoal e consegue nomear dois dos seus momentos familiares mais memoráveis?
Pf Jaeken: Encontrar um equilíbrio entre a minha carreira e vida familiar nunca foi um exercício fácil, mas a minha esposa sempre me apoiou. Infelizmente, ela faleceu há 3 anos atrás. Os momentos familiares mais memoráveis que distingo são o meu casamento, o nascimento do meu filho e o nascimento dos meus 3 netos.
Quando o Mestre se torna Aprendiz
Rita Francisco: O Professor é um farol para a comunidade CDG. Os doentes e famílias CDG sentem-se verdadeiramente inspirados por si e aprendem muito consigo. O que aprendeu com eles?
Pf Jaeken: Aprendi muito, particularmente com os pais destas crianças. A sua coragem, perseverança, o seu afeto e amor incondicionais, mesmo em situações extremamente difíceis, emocionaram-me muitas vezes. Durante a minha vida tenho encontrado muitos heróis!

Rita Francisco: Professor, foi tanto um prazer com um privilégio falar consigo. O Professor é um profissional incrível e um ser humano maravilhoso. Muito obrigada aos nossos Leitores! Continuem a seguir as entrevistas CDG One-To-One AQUI.
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Pf Jaak Jaeken: Lessons from the past, wishes for the future and personal live!

6/7/2016

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A live dedicated to help patients by solving complex human diseases produced by sugars "antennas".
#‎CDGOneToOne‬: Prof Jaak Jaeken, the medical doctor who first diagnosed and described CDG in 1980 talks about his career, personal life and his views on CDGs' past, present and future. A special testimony! Not to be missed! Read the full interview HERE
My name is Rita Francisco, from the Portuguese Association for CDG (APCDG, www.apcdg.com). It is a great honor for me to interview Pf Jaak Jaeken, whose role in the rare disease community, particularly so in the CDG community, has been of paramount importance and filled with continuous discoveries and breakthroughs. Welcome Professor—it is very rewarding for us to you at CDG One-to-One! 
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Early Days in the CDG world: First reported cases, diagnosis and diagnostics
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Rita Francisco: In 1980, you were faced with the challenge of deciphering the clinical condition affecting two twin sisters. What interested you in the case? How did that particular clinical case evolve?

Pf Jaeken: In 1978, I was asked to investigate why these lovely children showed a problem of psychomotor disability. The metabolic screening showed an unusual combination of protein abnormalities in their blood, and I wanted to know the cause of these findings. Looking into the literature, I came across a paper on serum transferrin isoelectrofocusing from a Dutch colleague, and I asked him to perform this analysis in the serum of these siblings. The result was clearly abnormal, and suggested a deficiency of sialic acid on transferrin. This was the real start of the CDG story! In the meantime, the twin sisters have celebrated this year their 40th anniversary! They are always smiling, bringing a message of hope that one day a cure will be found for their disease.
Rita Francisco: Professor, you were also involved in many other CDG-related discoveries. For instance, in 1984 you published a highly reliable and to present day widely used CDG diagnostics test - Isoelectric transferrin focusing. Even so, if you had to select one finding that has had a greater impact on the CDG community, what would it be?

Pf Jaeken: Besides our reports in 1980 (first clinical description of PMM2-CDG, called CDG-Ia at that time) and 1984 (introduction of transferrin isoelectrofocusing as a screening method), the next most important papers were on the discovery of the cause of CDG-Ia, namely phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency, in 1995 together with prof. Emile van Schaftingen and of its genetic defect by prof. Gert Matthijs and his team in 1997.
Rita Francisco: Comparing to those early CDG days, when the first diagnosis and diagnostics tests were being made, what have been the major developments and advances in the field?

Pf Jaeken: The advances in this field have been enormous if you consider that we actually know nearly hundred CDG (discovered in the course of 36 years). This is beyond any expectation! However, this development has been mainly in the diagnostic area and only to a very small extent in the therapeutic area. Indeed, there is a satisfactory treatment for only one CDG (MPI-CDG), and a partial or potential treatment for a few others.
Rita Francisco: During the CDG early days, how were you able to attract and communicate with the scientific community about CDG? And, nowadays, how do you think the scientific community perceives these rare metabolic diseases?

Pf Jaeken: The knowledge about CDG very slowly entered into the scientific community thanks to publications, presentations and workshops by me and others. Nowadays, CDG is well established in the metabolic community. For example, CDG is a separate chapter since many years in the programme of the annual SSIEM meeting in September (the most important metabolic meeting world-wide) while before it was ‘buried’ in the chapter of carbohydrate diseases. 
CDG Nowadays: Genetic discoveries, treatments, therapeutics and accumulated knowledge
It was not until 1997 that Pf Gert Mathjis was able to determine the gene, which caused the disease of the twin sisters – PMM2. So, it took 17 years to fully clarify that case. However, CDG has become one of the most rapidly growing group of rare metabolic disorders.

Rita Francisco: Pf Jaeken, what do you think that stimulated this growth on CDG? And, do you think we are close to know all CDGs?
​
Pf Jaeken: One of the reasons for this rapid growth is the fact that a few strong teams have devoted themselves to the investigation of CDG in all his aspects. In this investigation, the genetic techniques show an increasingly important role (CDG panel analyses, whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing). However, the most important reason is that glycosylation comprises a large number of steps with a potential defect in each step. I am convinced that the number of CDG that is still to be discovered is larger than the number of known CDG!
Rita Francisco: Today we are closer to finding effective therapeutics for different CDG subtypes. Do you agree with this statement? What is needed to have more therapies for CDG?

Pf Jaeken: In fact, we face the frustrating situation that the advances in treatment of CDG are stagnating. This is not due to a lack of research at least not with regard to PMM2-CDG, but devising treatments for these diseases is just a formidable challenge (this is not only true for CDG but also for many other metabolic diseases)! On the other hand, companies are of course more interested in designing therapies for frequent diseases than for rare diseases.
Rita Francisco: What are the biggest lessons that CDG have taught to the scientific and medical community?

Pf Jaeken: The existence of these (mostly severe) diseases have taught us that glycosylation is not only extremely important but even an essential process in our body. Another lesson is that whenever you come across an abnormal result, you should not rest until you have determined the reason behind it. 
Work and Personal Life
Rita Francisco: You are officially retired, but dynamically dedicated to CDG. What are your hobbies?

Pf Jaeken: My hobbies are my family and friends, classical music, cycling and … CDG!
Rita Francisco: How did religion influence your personal and professional live?

Pf Jaeken: Religion (I am catholic) is an essential part of my life. The perspective of eternity has profoundly influenced me as a person as well as a professional. For me, science and faith are complementary; they are partners that together give a sense to my life.
Rita Francisco: How did you balanced such an active career with your personal life and what are two of the most memorable family moments?

Pf Jaeken: Finding a balance between my carrier and my family life was never an easy exercise but my wife has always supported me. Unfortunately, she died three years ago. The most memorable family moments were my marriage, the birth of my son, and the birth of my three grandchildren.
When the Master becomes the Apprentice
Rita Francisco: You are a beacon in the CDG community. CDG patients and families are truly inspired by you and learn a lot from you. What have you learnt from them?
Pf Jaeken: I learned a lot particularly from the parents of these children. Their courage, their perseverance, their unconditional affection and love, even in extremely difficult situations, have often deeply touched me. In my life, I have encountered many of these heros!

Rita Francisco: Professor, it has been both a pleasure and a privilege talking to you. You are a remarkable professional and a wonderful human-being. Thank you so much to our readers as well! Keep posted for more CDG One-To-One interviews.
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An evaluation of ALG6-CDG (former CDG Ic) 

1/7/2016

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A recognizable phenotype with epilepsy, proximal muscle weakness, ataxia and behavioural and limb anomalies.
By: Fiona Waddell, journalist and patient
Reviewed by: Vanessa Ferreira, volunteer President and Founder APCDG (www.apcdg.com)
Posted: Friday, 01 July 2016
Request this scientific publication at: publicationscdg@gmail.com
​
​ALG6-CDG, previously called CDG Ic, is a congenital disorder of glycosylation caused by a defect of the enzyme alpha1,3-glucosyltransferase. After phosphomannomutase 2-CDG (PMM2-CDG), ALG6-CDG is the second most common CDG. Eva Morava, MD, PhD, Tulane University Medical School (New Orleans, USA) and Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Leuven (Belgium. More information HERE) and her team evaluated the clinical data of 41 patients diagnosed with ALG6-CDG between 1995 and 2013 either registered by the Euroglycan database or followed by a clinician involved in Euroglycanet and participating in the reported study. 
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​The study showed that hypotonia and developmental delay were the most common symptoms, epilepsy was present in the majority of the patients. Besides this, Morava found also a high percentage of other neurological symptoms, including absent speech, ataxia, proximal muscle weakness and visual loss. Several patients had behavioural abnormalities, including sleep disturbance, autistic behaviour, mood swings and periods of inertia alternating with periods of aggressive behaviour, which is unusual for most CDG-I patients.

​Special features included facial dysmorphism, cardiomyopathy and limb malformations were also found in several patients. Some patients had severe distal limb reduction and abnormal fat distribution was present in a few patients. 
Protein Losing Enteropathy (PLE) is one of the most significant life-threatening symptom of ALG6-CDG. Four patients with PLE followed a low-fat/elementary protein diet and two patients received octreotide injections to decrease enteral protein loss. This turned out to be successful. Anaemia was common as well in ALG6-CDG patients. According to the data, most ALG6-CDG patients reached puberty and a few reached adulthood. The oldest patient was a 40-year old Dutch woman, but beceause chronic intestinal protein loss, frequent infections, hypoglycemia and hypogammaglobulinemia might lead to early mortality in young ALG6-CDG patients, prospective, regular screening of glycemia, coagluation and endocrine and liver function is necessary.

Since some children only present with hypotonia and seizures, or behavioural abnormality and speech disability, Morava and her team recommend systematic glycosylation screening in developmental disability.
Keywords: Alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase congenital disorder of glycosylation , ALG6-CDG,  Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Euroglycan database registration, hypotonia, developmental disability, epilepsy, increased bleeding tendency.

Information for families:
  • Read more about the research led by the Portuguese Association for CDG HERE
  • Join the international families Facebook support group HERE
  • Read CDG patient –friendly resources HERE
  • Find your National CDG patient group/representative HERE
  • About our Online Public Petition directed to World Health Organization (WHO) to declare 16th May as the annual World Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) Awareness Day HERE
 
Literature used to prepare the news:
To request this article, please write to publicationscdg@gmail.com
  1. Morava E, Tiemes V, Tiel C, Seta N, de Lonlay P, de Klerk H, Mulder M, Rubio-Gozalbo E, Visser G, van Hasselt P, Horovitz DD, de Souza CF, Schwartz IV, Green A, Al-Owain M, Uziel G, Sigaudy S, Chabrol B, van Spronsen FJ, Steinert M, Komini E, Wurm D, Bevot A, Ayadi A, Huijben K, Dercksen M, Witters P, Jaeken J, Matthijs G, Lefeber DJ, Wevers RA. ALG6-CDG: a recognizable phenotype with epilepsy, proximal muscle weakness, ataxia and behavioral and limb anomalies. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2016 Jun 10.

Source of image:
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Image courtesy of ​comregras.com
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